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|states = Punjab region |speakers = million, including Lahnda |date = 2010 |ref = ne2010 |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = Indo-Iranian |fam3 = Indo-Aryan |fam4 = Northwestern 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Punjabi )〕 |stand1 = Majhi |stand2 = Hindko |stand3 = Saraiki |dialects = |script = Shahmukhi (Extended Perso-Arabic) Gurmukhi (Brahmic) Punjabi Braille (in punjab)But Now Punjabi Also Written in Roman script |nation = (Indian States of Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, secondary officially recognized language in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, & West Bengal) (Pakistani Province of Punjab, Azad Kashmir, and Islamabad Capital Territory) |agency = |iso1 = pa |iso2 = pan |iso3=pan |lc1=bhd|ld1=Bhadrawahi |lc2=bht|ld2=Bhattiyali |lc3=kfs|ld3=Bilaspuri |lc4=cdh|ld4=Chambeali |lc5=cdj|ld5=Churahi |lc6=doi|ld6=Dogri |lc7=dgo|ld7=Dogri (proper) |lc8=gbk|ld8=Gaddi (Bharmauri) |lc9=kjo|ld9=Harijan Kinnauri |lc10=hii|ld10=Hinduri |lc11=jat|ld11=Jakati |lc12=jns|ld12=Jaunsari |lc13=hno|ld13=Northern Hindko |lc14=xnr|ld14=Kangri |lc15=xhe|ld15=Khetrani |lc16=kfx|ld16=Kullu Pahari |lc17=doi|ld17=Lahnda |lc18=bfz|ld18=Mahasu Pahari |lc19=mjl|ld19=Mandeali |lc20=pnb|ld20=Pahari-Potwari |lc21=pgg|ld21=Pangwali |lc22=skr|ld22=Saraiki |lc23=srx|ld23=Sirmauri |lc24=hnd|ld24=Southern Hindko |lc25=pnb|ld25=Western Punjabi |glotto=panj1256 |glottoname=Punjabi |glottorefname=Panjabi |image = Punjabi example.svg |imagecaption = The word "Punjabi" written in Shahmukhi (Nast'aliq style) and Gurmukhi |imageheader = Script |imagesize = 150px |map = Punjab map.svg |mapsize = 213px |mapcaption = Distribution of native Punjabi and Lahnda speakers in Pakistan and India |map2 = Distribution of the Punjabi language.png |mapcaption2 = Areas where Punjabi is the official language or has a large number of speakers |notice = IPA }} Punjabi 〔Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh〕 (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by 102 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) 〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://opishposh.com/the-top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world/ )〕 in the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is the only living language among the Indo-European languages which is a fully tonal language.〔Barbara Lust, James Gair. ''Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages''. Page 637. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1.〕〔(Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi ) 〕〔Geeti Sen. ''Crossing Boundaries''. Orient Blackswan, 1997. ISBN 978-81-250-1341-9. Page 132. Quote: "Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer..."〕 Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the eleventh-most widely spoken in India,〔(Census of India, 2001: population of Punjab by religion ). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 2012-01-18.〕 and the third-most spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the fourth-most spoken language in the United Kingdom. and third-most spoken native language in Canada.〔(), Census Profile - Province/Territory〕〔(), 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages〕 The language also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. The influence of Punjabi as a cultural language in the Indian Subcontinent is increasing day by day due to Bollywood. Most Bollywood movies now have Punjabi vocabulary mixed in, along with a few songs fully sung in Punjabi. At any point in time, Punjabi songs in Bollywood movies now account for more than 50% of the top of the charts listings.〔(‘Punjabification’ of Bollywood music - Fiji Times Online ). Fijitimes.com (2013-01-08). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.〕〔(Punjabi culture a part of Bollywood, says Suniel Shetty - Times Of India ). Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2012-07-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.〕〔(Punjab gatecrashes Bollywood | Culture ). Times Crest (2012-05-05). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.〕 ==Dialects and related languages== (詳細はLahnda dialect continuum, including Saraiki and Hindko, are considered as dialects of Punjabi by many linguists but as distinct languages by others. In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in assigning some dialects to one or another "language".〔Masica 1991:25〕〔Burling 1970:chapter on India〕 However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from Punjabi. He named this group of dialects "Lahnda" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919.〔Shackle 1970:240〕 He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as Saraiki. In the National Census of Pakistan (1981) Saraiki and Hindko (previously categorized as "Western Punjabi"), got the status of separate languages, which explains the decrease in the percentage of Punjabi speakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Punjabi language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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